Assessing the dependence structure between oceanographic, fluvial, and pluvial flooding drivers along the United States coastline Hydrology and Earth System Sciences DOI 10.5194/hess-25-6203-2021 23 February 2022 We analyse dependences between different flooding drivers around the USA coastline, where the Gulf of Mexico and the southeastern and southwestern coasts are regions of high dependence between flooding drivers. Dependence is higher during the tropical season in the Gulf and at some locations on the East Coast but higher during the extratropical season on the West Coast. The analysis gives new insights on locations, driver combinations, and the time of the year when compound flooding is likely. Read more
Extreme metrics from large ensembles: investigating the effects of ensemble size on their estimates Earth Surface Dynamics DOI 10.5194/esd-12-1427-2021 21 February 2022 We address the question of how large an initial condition ensemble of climate model simulations should be if we are concerned with accurately projecting future changes in temperature and precipitation extremes. We find that for most cases (and both models considered), an ensemble of 20-25 members is sufficient for many extreme metrics, spatial scales and time horizons. This may leave computational resources to tackle other uncertainties in climate model simulations with our ensembles. Read more
Tracking aerosols and SO2 clouds from the Raikoke eruption: 3D view from satellite observations Atmospheric Measurement Techniques DOI 10.5194/amt-14-7545-2021 18 February 2022 The 21 June 2019 eruption of the Raikoke volcano produced significant amounts of volcanic aerosols (sulfate and ash) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas that penetrated into the lower stratosphere. We showed that the amount of SO2 decreases with a characteristic period of 8–18 d and the peak of sulfate aerosol lags the initial peak of SO2 by 1.5 months. We also examined the dynamics of an unusual stratospheric coherent circular cloud of SO2 and aerosol observed from 18 July to 22 September 2019. Read more
Rectified tidal transport in Lofoten–Vesterålen, northern Norway Ocean Science DOI 10.5194/os-17-1753-2021 16 February 2022 Non-linear tidal dynamics can produce prominent time-mean transport in coastal regions where strong tidal currents interact with topography. We investigate tidal-induced transport using a tidally driven ocean model for Lofoten-Vesterålen in northern Norway and find that both tidal pumping and tidal rectification can play an important role for time-mean transport in the region. The study emphasizes the importance of non-linear tidal dynamics for time-mean transport in complex coastal regions. Read more
Assessment of the ParFlow–CLM CONUS 1.0 integrated hydrologic model: evaluation of hyper-resolution water balance components across the contiguous United States Geoscientific Model Development DOI 10.5194/gmd-14-7223-2021 14 February 2022 Modeling the hydrologic cycle at high resolution and at large spatial scales is an incredible opportunity and challenge for hydrologists. In this paper, we present the results of a high-resolution hydrologic simulation configured over the contiguous United States. We discuss simulated water fluxes through groundwater, soil, plants, and over land, and we compare model results to in situ observations and satellite products in order to build confidence and guide future model development. Read more
Spatiotemporal distribution of seasonal snow water equivalent in High Mountain Asia from an 18-year Landsat–MODIS era snow reanalysis dataset The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-15-5261-2021 11 February 2022 We examined the spatiotemporal distribution of stored water in the seasonal snowpack over High Mountain Asia, based on a new snow reanalysis dataset. The dataset was derived utilizing satellite-observed snow information, which spans across 18 water years, at a high spatial (~ 500 m) and temporal (daily) resolution. Snow mass and snow storage distribution over space and time are analysed in this paper, which brings new insights into understanding the snowpack variability over this region. Read more
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography Solid Earth DOI 10.5194/se-12-2633-2021 9 February 2022 New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km. Read more
Seasonal evolution of Antarctic supraglacial lakes in 2015–2021 and links to environmental controls The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-15-5205-2021 7 February 2022 We provide novel insight into the temporal evolution of supraglacial lakes across six major Antarctic ice shelves in 2015–2021. For Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves, we observe extensive meltwater ponding during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 summers. Over East Antarctica, lakes were widespread during 2016–2019 and at a minimum in 2020–2021. We investigate environmental controls, revealing lake ponding to be coupled to atmospheric modes, the near-surface climate and the local glaciological setting. Read more
Future summer warming pattern under climate change is affected by lapse-rate changes Weather and Climate Dynamics DOI 10.5194/wcd-2-1093-2021 4 February 2022 In a warmer future climate, climate simulations predict that some land areas will experience excessive warming during summer. We show that the excessive summer warming is related to the vertical distribution of warming within the atmosphere. In regions characterized by excessive warming, much of the warming occurs close to the surface. In other regions, most of the warming is redistributed to higher levels in the atmosphere, which weakens the surface warming. Read more
Two decades of dynamic change and progressive destabilization on the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf The Cryosphere DOI 10.5194/tc-15-5187-2021 2 February 2022 We present a 20-year, satellite-based record of velocity and thickness change on the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf (TEIS), the largest remaining floating extension of Thwaites Glacier (TG). TG holds the single greatest control on sea-level rise over the next few centuries, so it is important to understand changes on the TEIS, which controls much of TG’s flow into the ocean. Our results suggest that the TEIS is progressively destabilizing and is likely to disintegrate over the next few decades. Read more
