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Integrating fireline observations to characterize fire plumes during pyroconvective extreme wildfire events: implications for firefighter safety and plume modeling

Firefighter entrapments can occur when wildfires escalate suddenly due to fire-atmosphere interactions. This study presents a method to analyze this in real-time using two weather balloon measurements: ambient and in-plume conditions. Researchers launched 156 balloons during wildfire seasons in Spain, Chile, Greece, and the Netherlands. This methodology detects sudden changes in fire behavior by comparing ambient and in-plume data, ultimately enhancing research on fire-atmosphere interactions.

Bridging science and practice on multi-hazard risk drivers: stakeholder insights from five pilot studies in Europe

Disaster risk management faces growing challenges from multiple, changing hazards. Interviews with stakeholders in five European regions reveal that climate change, urban growth, and socio-economic shifts increase vulnerability and exposure. Measures to reduce one risk can worsen others, highlighting the need for better coordination. The study calls for flexible, context-specific strategies that connect scientific risk assessments with real-world decision-making.

A system for analysis of H₂ and Ne in polar ice core samples

This study describes a system for analysis of hydrogen (H₂) and neon (Ne) in polar ice core samples in the field immediately after drilling. The motivation is to reconstruct the atmospheric history of H₂ to improve understanding of global H₂ biogeochemistry and how it has varied over time. This knowledge will help inform models used to project future atmospheric levels of H₂and assess the climate impacts of widespread utilization of H₂ as an energy source.

Estimating the AMOC from Argo profiles with machine learning trained on ocean simulations

Ocean Science
DOI 10.5194/os-21-3541-2025
18 December 2025

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a large current system that helps regulating Earth's climate. Monitoring the AMOC relies on fixed instruments anchored to the seafloor. This study explores, in a high-resolution model, whether data from Argo floats, autonomous drifters collecting hydrographic profiles, can be used to monitor the AMOC cost-effectively with the help of Machine Learning. Results suggest that Argo floats can extend AMOC monitoring beyond current fixed arrays.

An extrapolation algorithm for estimating river bed grain size distributions across basins

Characterizing the grain size of river sediments is necessary for estimating sediment transport rates in rivers. In order to understand sediment transport at large spatial scales, grain size information across river basins is needed, but methods for accomplishing this are limited. Here, I introduce a new method for using measurements of grain size in discrete locations to estimate full grain size distributions across entire watersheds.

Injection near the stratopause mitigates the stratospheric side effects of sulfur-based climate intervention

Injecting sulfur dioxide at 50 km – near the stratopause – offers a far safer and more effective climate intervention than conventional 25 km injection. Rapid downward–poleward transport distributes aerosols across 20–30 km, halving tropical stratospheric warming, reducing ozone recovery delays from decades to about 5 years, and enhancing global and polar cooling by over 20 %, while better preserving Arctic sea ice.

Synergetic retrieval from multi-mission spaceborne measurements for enhanced aerosol and surface characterization

Developed SYREMIS (SYnergetic REtrieval from Multi-MISsion instruments) approach is based on three main principles: (i) harmonization of the multi-instruments L1 measurements, (ii) their “weighting”, and (iii) optimization of the forward models and the retrieval setups. It substantially enhances aerosol and surface characterization from spaceborne measurements. The approach can be extended to future missions, including synergy with multi-angular, multi-spectral, and polarimetric measurements.

Water vapour dynamics as a key determinant of atmospheric composition and transport mechanisms

Humidification of air reduces the abundances of dry-air gas components such as oxygen, explaining why tropical humidity can be "stifling". This is overlooked due to the common expression of gas concentrations as fractions of dry air. Such neglect of water vapour also masks the key role of its sources and sinks in activating transport mechanisms of other gases. Humidity should be quantified whenever reporting gas concentrations.

Feedback-based sea level rise impact modelling for integrated assessment models with FRISIAv1.0

We present FRISIA version 1.0, a model for emulating sea level rise (SLR) and representing SLR impacts and adaptation in integrated assessment models (IAMs). FRISIA includes previously uncaptured coastal socio-economic feedback and a diverse set of impact strains, thereby improving the represenation of SLR impacts in IAMs. Here we describe the baseline behaviour of FRISIA, explore the effects of the additional feedback and showcase the coupling of FRISIA to an IAM.

How do geological map details influence the identification of geology-streamflow relationships in large-sample hydrology studies?

We show that geological maps with varying levels of detail may influence the identification of geology–streamflow relationships across European catchments at multiple scales. At the large scale, controls varied between basins, with no map consistently superior. At the intermediate and small scales, however, higher geological detail consistently strengthened correlations, particularly for baseflow signatures, with the regional map highlighting controls more consistent with process understanding.

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